ABSTRACT
This text generally talks about the 1930’s era, specifically about Pembe Köşk. Pembe Köşk was built in 1931. One of the oldest houses in Ankara, Pembe Köşk became the scene of many of the "firsts" in our social and cultural life after Ankara became the capital. One of the most interesting parts of this subject is the fact that the Pembe Köşk was designed and processed by a foreign architect, while Ankara was a developing city at that time and took its first steps. It has played the role of a touchstone in Ankara's architectural steps. The projections are suggestive of the Turkish house's "life." This structure has the protrusions that are typical of Holzmeister's architecture, as well as a sequence of large windows, a wide-ranging, flat roof, and a simple surface. The building materials were brought in from Austria, as were the master builders who worked on the project. It gave direction to the architectural structure that was developing around it and became a pioneer in the structural field.
Keywords: Atatürk, İsmet İnonü, Republican Era, Urbanization, Ankara, Holzmeister, City Planning, Public Figuıre.
1. Introduction
As the capital city of newly formed Republic of Turkey, Ankara’s city planning and architecture has high importance for Atatürk. Atatürk constantly tried to modernize and fit the city to the standards of a capital city. To attain his aim, he benefits from Clemens Holzmeister’s architectural skills. Besides planning most of the significant building in Ankara, Holzmeister re-constructed Pembe Köşk, İsmet İnönü’s house too. The significance of this re-construction is that Pembe Köşk represents the new and modern republic.
2. Ankara’s Architectural Structure During Proclamation of The Republic
Ankara was a rural area before it became the capital city of the new Republic of Turkey. In 1923, modernization and rejuvenation efforts started to create a unique and developed city. The main aim was to create a city structure and building architecture that reflects the modern republic message. While becoming the ideal modern capital city, Ankara maintained its cultural form in most of the buildings. After Ankara became the capital, the population increased crucially, which required urbanization. Urbanization leads to taller buildings around the city, followed by formal buildings and factories. The city model of Istanbul was the example city for this expropriation. Residences for the much-needed labor force started to construct around the city. The rapid industrialization and the unforeseen population increase caused urban sprawl in the city structure.[1]
3. Atatürk in Ankara and The Importance of Pembe Köşk
Pembe Köşk is one of the oldest buildings in Ankara. The building witnessed most of the initial organizations of the Republic era. Atatürk hosted significant social and cultural organizations in Pembe Köşk, which were crucial for that era as people were trying to recover from the war and adapt to the republic. Essential meetings for the Turkish republic took place in this significant building. İsmet İnönü contributed to this adaptation process by drawing a happy and modern Turkish family portrait by living in the Pembe Köşk.[2] Atatürk stayed in the Pembe Köşk too whenever he was in Ankara. Part of the building’s significance come from this fact. It can be said that most of the planning for newly formed republic is done in Pembe Köşk, which has a high importance for today’s formed republic structure.
4. Construction of Pembe Köşk and Holzmeister
Clemens Holzmeister was an architect from Australia, which escaped Hitler by coming to Turkey. He contributed to Ankara’s city planning very much. Holzmeister designed and constructed high number of public buildings during the industrialization era. Ministry buildings are the main pieces of Holzmeister’s impression on new Ankara.[3] Turkish grand national assembly building is one of Holzmeister’s pieces too, which is the main symbol of freedom and republic.[4] Again, the ‘Güven Anıtı’, still is the one of biggest symbols of Republic that is located at the heart of Ankara is made by Clemens Holzmeister.[5] Even Pembe Köşk is not considered as a public building; it has a high historical and architectural importance. Architect Mehmet Vedat Bey firstly constructs Pembe Köşk. After 1924, ismet İnönü and his family started to live in Pembe Köşk. In 1934, Atatürk decided that the structure and design of the building were not enough for such an important public figure and asked Clemens Holzmeister to re-construct the building. As Atatürk served many events and meetings in the Köşk, it had high importance in the case of the reform movement. He constructed the significant building in one and a half years[6]. Pembe Köşk’s construction is planned for high capacity events[7]. It is a three-floor house, basement, first floor and second floor. The first floor is designed for welcoming the guests and meetings. During the re-construction a ball room and a big eating area is added to the first floor. The second floor is for residents to stay. On the outside, Holzmeister’s characteristic architecture is visible. The designs on the walls, flat roof, symmetrical and same size windows used together with circle shaped windows followed by a. very basic design are all Holzmeister’s architectures’ features.[8] To conclude, Clemen Holzmeister re-constructed the building to be an example of modernized architecture, which is used by Atatürk and İsmet İnönü for organizations and living.
5. Conclusion
Clemens Holzmeister coming to Ankara during the planning and styling of the republic's new capital is a big chance. His architecture skills and modernization together formed the new Ankara. Significantly, the re-construction of Pembe Köşk by Holzmeister brings a fresh and developed perspective to İsmet İnönü's house. Moreover, as Pembe Köşk was not only a family house but a center for firstly done modern activities such as balls, dances, meetings and organizations, it has high importance in case of development of a new perspective. Pembe Köşk and Clemens Holzmeister are very valuable and significant historical mentions that shaped today's capital Ankara
Figure 1 Pembe Köşk ( from Pembe Köşk.)
[1] Biçer, S. (2013). Geçmişin Modern Mimarisi: Ankara [web log]. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.arkitera.com/haber/gecmisin-modern-mimarisi-ankara-1/. [2] Pembe Köşk. İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/pembe-kosk/ [3] See appendix a1. [4] See appendix a2. [5] See appendix a3. [6] Design, 46 S. (n.d.). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ve çankaya. Çankaya Belediyesi. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.cankaya.bel.tr/pages/74/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturk-ve-Cankaya/news/6103/BASkaKENT-Ankara-Galeri-Karada/ [7] See appendix a4. [8]Biçer, S. (2013). Geçmişin Modern Mimarisi: Ankara [web log]. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.arkitera.com/haber/gecmisin-modern-mimarisi-ankara-1/.
References
Pembe Köşk. İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/pembe-kosk/
Biçer, S. (2013). Geçmişin Modern Mimarisi: Ankara [web log]. Retrieved 2022, from https://www.arkitera.com/haber/gecmisin-modern-mimarisi-ankara-1/.
MERAL, Y. O. (1970, March 31). Pembe Köşk özellikleri Gezi Yazısı Planı rehberi örneği Turları Butik Oteller. Gezi. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.gezi-yorum.net/etiket/pembe-kosk-ozellikleri/
Design, 46 S. (n.d.). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ve çankaya. Çankaya Belediyesi. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.cankaya.bel.tr/pages/74/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturk-ve-Cankaya/news/6103/BASkaKENT-Ankara-Galeri-Karada/
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